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The last decade has seen sweeping changes in US health care policy. With more changes on the way, the emerging field of comparative effectiveness research-the science of determining how different treatments work best for different conditions-is critical for patients and clinicians who wish to make wise decisions regarding therapeutic choices. Comparative Effectiveness Research is the first textbook to offer an introduction to this topic. Written by an experienced university educator and researcher, the goal of this text is to provide readers with a gentle introduction to this diverse field. This accessible text facilitates participatory learning by including inquiries and links to web-based resources. This book will be a welcome addition to any number of courses in medicine, public health, nursing, dentistry, and allied health-or to the reference shelf of the working medical practitioner.--Publisher.

Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Elements of Diffusion -- Water Boiling in a Peruvian Village: Diffusion That Failed -- What is Diffusion? -- Controlling Scurvy in the British Navy -- Nondiffusion of the Dvorak Keyboard -- Four Main Elements in the Diffusion of Innovations -- 1. The Innovation -- 2. Communication Channels -- 3. Time -- 4. A Social System -- Diffusion of Hybrid Corn in Iowa -- Summary -- Chapter 2: A History of Diffusion Research -- The Beginnings of Diffusion Research in Europe -- Gabriel Tarde and Imitation -- Georg Simmel's Stranger -- The British and German-Austrian Diffusionists -- The Rise of Diffusion Research Traditions -- Paradigms and Invisible Colleges -- The Anthropology Research Tradition -- Miracle Rice in Bali: the Goddess and the Computer -- Early Sociology -- Rural Sociology -- The Diffusion of Modern Math in Pittsburgh -- Worldwide Diffusion of the Kindergarten -- Public Health and Medical Sociology -- The Columbia University Drug Diffusion Study -- The Taichung Field Experiment -- STOP AIDS in San Francisco -- Communication -- Diffusion of News of the September 11 Terrorist Attacks -- Marketing -- Opinion Leaders and Mavens in the Diffusion of Electric Cars -- Geography -- General Sociology -- Networks in Recruitment to Freedom Summer -- Trends by Diffusion Research Traditions -- A Typology of Diffusion Research -- Summary -- Chapter 3: Contributions and Criticisms of Diffusion Research -- The Status of Diffusion Research Today -- Criticisms of Diffusion Research -- The Pro-Innovation Bias of Diffusion Research -- Pure Drinking Water in Egyptian Villages -- Preference for Sons in India and China -- The Individual-Blame Bias in Diffusion Research -- The Recall Problem in Diffusion Research -- The Issue of Equality in the Diffusion of Innovations -- Summary -- Chapter 4: The Generation of Innovations.

During the 1960s and 1970s over 108 million was spent on four unprecedented social scientific experiments to test the effectiveness of a major proposal to reform the welfare system. Now out of favor, the negative income tax was then considered to be an appealing alternative to welfare. Starting in New Jersey and Pennsylvania during the Johnson administration, the experimental research continued through Carter's term and helped to keep reform proposal and research organizations alive. This book examines the results of these experiments and their effect on Carter's reform attempt-the Program for Better Jobs and Income.